{"id":66565,"date":"2022-08-19T12:32:29","date_gmt":"2022-08-19T02:32:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/?page_id=66565"},"modified":"2023-02-28T08:59:10","modified_gmt":"2023-02-27T21:59:10","slug":"hydrogen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/info\/hydrogen\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydrogen from fossil fuels: an expensive way to increase emissions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Feature Section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_5,2_5&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; module_class=&#8221; et_pb_row_fullwidth&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; background_enable_image=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;on&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; width_tablet=&#8221;100%&#8221; width_phone=&#8221;&#8221; width_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; max_width=&#8221;100%&#8221; max_width_tablet=&#8221;100%&#8221; max_width_phone=&#8221;&#8221; max_width_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; min_height=&#8221;450px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;top&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_5&#8243; module_class=&#8221;banner-column-left&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#443545&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;2%|2%|2%|12.5%|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|10%||10%|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|||10%|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_font=&#8221;Oswald|||on|||||&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#f7f7f7&#8243; header_font_size=&#8221;48px&#8221; header_line_height=&#8221;1.3em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;50px||40px||false|false&#8221; header_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Hydrogen from fossil fuels: an expensive way to increase emissions<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Montserrat||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||50px|&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;top&#8221; text_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_font_size_phone=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Investors must call out companies seeking to use hydrogen to justify and perpetuate fossil fuels.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#903e4c&#8221; divider_weight=&#8221;4px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;50px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_5&#8243; module_class=&#8221;banner-column-right&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Hydrogen-from-fossil-fuels-an-expensive-way-to-increase-emissions.jpg&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; background_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; parallax_tablet=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_phone=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_tablet=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_css_before=&#8221;background-image: linear-gradient(115deg,#443545 30%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%);||content: %22%22;||    display: block;||    clear: both;||    line-height: 0;||    z-index: 99;||    position: absolute;||    top: 0;||    height: 100%;||    width: 100%;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_css_before_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_css_before_tablet=&#8221;background-image: unset;&#8221; custom_css_before_phone=&#8221;background-image: unset;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element_tablet=&#8221;min-height: 400px !important;||display: block !important;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_phone=&#8221;min-height: 400px !important;||display: block !important;&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;25px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_5,2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>To keep global warming under control, immediate and rapid reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are needed. Luckily, we already know how to get started: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/info\/key-issues\/keeping-global-warming-to-1-5-c\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stop expanding the fossil fuel industry<\/a>, and \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/e360.yale.edu\/features\/from-homes-to-cars-its-now-time-to-electrify-everything\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electrify everything<\/a>\u201d with renewable energy.<\/p>\n<p>Still, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rechargenews.com\/energy-transition\/ipcc-report-clean-hydrogen-needed-for-net-zero-but-only-where-green-electric-solutions-not-feasible\/2-1-1197644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experts agree<\/a> that renewables might not take us all the way to zero emissions. Long-distance shipping, fast-response power generation and other applications may require additional options. This is where hydrogen comes in. When it\u2019s used, it only produces heat and water. Hydrogen can also be used to produce ammonia, which is used in fertiliser and can itself be used as a fuel source.<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to emissions, and whether hydrogen is truly a \u201cclean\u201d source of energy or not, it boils down to how the hydrogen is produced. Hydrogen can be made from renewable energy, but more often than not, it\u2019s made from coal and fossil gas. Fossil fuel companies want you to think both renewable and fossil-based hydrogen and ammonia are good alternatives to dirty coal, oil and gas, but they\u2019re not. To help cut through the greenwash, we\u2019ve reviewed some of the key issues in the hydrogen supply chain. The table below summarises our findings.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1em|1em|1em|1em|false|false&#8221; border_width_top=&#8221;2px&#8221; border_color_top=&#8221;#903e4c&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;2px&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#903e4c&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Key points:<\/h6>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fossil fuel companies want to use hydrogen to justify burning more fossil fuels. Don\u2019t assume that all hydrogen is \u201clow-carbon\u201d \u2013 it depends how it is produced.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fossil hydrogen and ammonia (includes \u2018grey\u2019 and \u2018blue\u2019 hydrogen \/ ammonia) is polluting, relies on unproven technologies, and should be avoided.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Renewable hydrogen (\u2018green\u2019 hydrogen) is the only type that has true potential as a sustainable energy solution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#f5f5f5&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;25px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Hydrogen technology scorecard<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,1_3,1_3&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#903e4c&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1em||1em|5px|false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;align-items: center;&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Technology<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 15%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Decarbonisation potential<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 60%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Market Forces view<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,1_3,1_3&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1em|5px|1em|5px|false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;align-items: center;&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Grey hydrogen \/ ammonia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 15%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cross-dark-purple.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;cross&#8221; title_text=&#8221;cross&#8221; show_bottom_space=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;30%&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 60%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Greenwash at its worst &#8211; grey\/brown\/black hydrogen may look \u201cclean\u201d when consumed, but this hides an extremely dirty journey before that stage. Should be avoided at all costs.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,1_3,1_3&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1em|5px|1em|5px|false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;align-items: center;&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Blue hydrogen \/ ammonia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 15%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cross-dark-purple.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;cross&#8221; title_text=&#8221;cross&#8221; show_bottom_space=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;30%&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 60%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Even if companies can drastically reduce fossil gas leaks, blue hydrogen is unlikely to ever become a zero carbon solution, partly because CCS already has a poor track record and questionable potential. Worse, blue hydrogen risks being used as an excuse to sanction new oil and gas projects, which the IEA\u2019s Net Zero by 2050 scenario clearly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/net-zero-by-2050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rules out<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,1_3,1_3&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1em|5px|1em|5px|false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;align-items: center;&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>LNG to hydrogen<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 15%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cross-dark-purple.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;cross&#8221; title_text=&#8221;cross&#8221; show_bottom_space=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;30%&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 60%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Mitsubishi\u2019s concept is a pipe dream. Blue hydrogen combines the substantial pitfalls of CCS with the emissions intensity of the LNG supply chain. It\u2019s also likely to be expensive and financially volatile.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,1_3,1_3&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1em|5px|1em|5px|false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;align-items: center;&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Green hydrogen<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 15%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/tick-lime-green.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;tick&#8221; title_text=&#8221;tick&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;30%&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 60%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Green hydrogen is the only type that can be produced with little to no emissions, giving it immense potential for companies looking to diversify away from fossil fuels. As the cost of producing green hydrogen falls, it should be a no-brainer for businesses and governments of all persuasions.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row disabled_on=&#8221;off|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|1em||1em|false|false&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#433244&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||1em||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Grey hydrogen \/ ammonia<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Decarbonsation potential<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cross-dark-purple.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;cross&#8221; title_text=&#8221;cross&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;30%&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||5px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||10px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Comments<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Greenwash at its worst &#8211; grey\/brown\/black hydrogen may look \u201cclean\u201d when consumed, but this hides an extremely dirty journey before that stage. Should be avoided at all costs.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row disabled_on=&#8221;off|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|1em||1em|false|false&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#433244&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||1em||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Blue hydrogen \/ ammonia<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Decarbonsation potential<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cross-dark-purple.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;cross&#8221; title_text=&#8221;cross&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;30%&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||5px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||10px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Comments<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Even if companies can drastically reduce fossil gas leaks, blue hydrogen is unlikely to ever become a zero carbon solution., partly because CCS already has a poor track record and questionable potential. Worse, blue hydrogen risks being used as an excuse to sanction new oil and gas projects, which the IEA\u2019s Net Zero by 2050 scenario clearly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/net-zero-by-2050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rules out<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row disabled_on=&#8221;off|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|1em||1em|false|false&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#433244&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||1em||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>LNG to hydrogen<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Decarbonsation potential<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cross-dark-purple.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;cross&#8221; title_text=&#8221;cross&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;30%&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||5px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||10px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Comments<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Mitsubishi\u2019s concept is a pipe dream. Blue hydrogen combines the substantial pitfalls of CCS with the emissions intensity of the LNG supply chain. It\u2019s also likely to be expensive and financially volatile.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row disabled_on=&#8221;off|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|1em||1em|false|false&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#433244&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||1em||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Green hydrogen<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Decarbonsation potential<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/tick-lime-green.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;tick&#8221; title_text=&#8221;tick&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;30%&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||5px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||10px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Comments<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Green hydrogen is the only type that can be produced with little to no emissions, giving it immense potential for companies looking to diversify away from fossil fuels. As the cost of producing green hydrogen falls, it should be a no-brainer for businesses and governments of all persuasions.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydrogen can be produced in a number of different ways. This is normally described as the different \u2018colours\u2019 of hydrogen production &#8211; grey, brown\/black, blue and green.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;0.8em&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other hydrogen colours &#8211; turquoise (methane pyrolysis), pink (using nuclear energy) and yellow (using grid electricity) &#8211; are not discussed as they are much less common.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">The colours of hydrogen<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,2_3&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|0em|||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221; border_width_right=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_color_right=&#8221;#6d6d6d&#8221; border_width_right_tablet=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_width_right_phone=&#8221;0px&#8221; border_width_right_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_css_main_element_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element_phone=&#8221;width: 100%!important;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_tablet=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Grey-hydrogen-icon.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;Grey hydrogen icon&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Grey hydrogen icon&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_tablet=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_phone=&#8221;70%&#8221; width_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|10px|10px|10px|10px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#433244&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;1em||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Grey \/ brown \/ black hydrogen<\/h3>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 75%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_css_main_element_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element_phone=&#8221; width: 100%!important;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_tablet=&#8221;width: 75%!important;&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key points<\/strong>: The majority of today\u2019s hydrogen and ammonia production is \u201cgrey\u201d, meaning it\u2019s based on fossil gas. Producing it is so emissions-intensive that it\u2019s worse for the climate than simply burning fossil fuels.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Market Forces view<\/strong>: Greenwash at its worst &#8211; grey\/brown\/black hydrogen may look \u201cclean\u201d when consumed, but this hides an extremely dirty journey before that stage. Should be avoided at all costs.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Detail&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#6d6d6d&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>The majority (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-hydrogen-review-2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">59%<\/a>) of all hydrogen produced today is done so by refining fossil gas in a process called steam methane reforming, which uses high temperature steam and high pressure to split methane into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This process generates <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ese3.956\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significant CO2 emissions<\/a> &#8211; on a per-unit-of-energy basis, more than simply mining and burning coal. The resulting product is referred to as \u2018grey\u2019 hydrogen.<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Lifecycle emissions intensity of grey hydrogen and conventional fossil fuels<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"53\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div 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engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\",\n            title: \"Hydrogen - Lifecycle emissions intensity of grey hydrogen and conventional fossil fuels - Aug 2022\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_53\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 157,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_53\" class=\"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;\">Source: Grey hydrogen, fossil gas, coal: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ese3.956\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Howarth &amp; Jacobson &#8211; \u201cHow green is blue hydrogen?\u201d, Energy Science &amp; Engineering (2021)<\/a>. Black\/brown hydrogen: <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC119036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Commission Well-to-Tank report<\/a> (KOCH1 pathway, including combustion)<\/p>\n<p>Coal can also be turned into hydrogen through coal gasification, which uses a stream of highly heated steam and oxygen to create a gaseous mix of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water and hydrogen &#8211; this is known as \u2018brown\u2019 or \u2018black\u2019 hydrogen, and accounts for one-fifth of production today. This method, which emits <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC119036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50% more<\/a> greenhouse gases than grey hydrogen, is most widely used in China, although is now <a href=\"https:\/\/ieefa.org\/resources\/ieefa-high-cost-indonesias-downstream-coal-projects-underestimated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gaining traction in Indonesia<\/a> as well.<\/p>\n<p>Hydrogen is also a byproduct of oil refining, accounting for a further one-fifth of today\u2019s global hydrogen supply. It\u2019s typically <a href=\"https:\/\/www.woodmac.com\/press-releases\/low-carbon-hydrogen-demand-in-refining-could-reach-50-mtpa-by-2050\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">re-used<\/a> in other parts of the refining process.<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">2020 hydrogen production by source<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"54\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            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           engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_pie_chart\",\n            title: \"Hydrogen - 2020 hydrogen production by source - Aug 2022\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_54\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 158,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_54\" class=\"highcharts_pie_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-hydrogen-review-2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEA Global Hydrogen Review 2021<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,2_3&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221; border_width_right=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_color_right=&#8221;#153e5b&#8221; border_width_right_tablet=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_width_right_phone=&#8221;0px&#8221; border_width_right_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_css_main_element_phone=&#8221; width: 100%!important;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element_tablet=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Blue-hydrogen-icon.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;Grey hydrogen icon&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Blue hydrogen icon&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_tablet=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_phone=&#8221;70%&#8221; width_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|10px|10px|10px|10px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#433244&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;1em||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Blue hydrogen<\/h3>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 75%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_css_main_element_phone=&#8221;width: 100%!important;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element_tablet=&#8221;width: 75%!important;&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key points<\/strong>: Blue hydrogen adds unproven and highly problematic carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology to the grey hydrogen process in an attempt to reduce CO2 emissions. However, fossil gas leaks at all stages of the supply chain and the significant limitations of CCS severely hampers the climate benefit. All told, blue hydrogen may be no better than burning coal.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Market Forces view<\/strong>: Even if companies can drastically reduce fossil gas leaks, blue hydrogen is unlikely to ever become a zero carbon solution. CCS already has a poor track record and questionable potential. Worse, blue hydrogen risks being used as an excuse to sanction new oil and gas projects, which the IEA\u2019s Net Zero by 2050 scenario clearly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/net-zero-by-2050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rules out<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Detail&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#153e5b&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Blue hydrogen is attractive to fossil fuel companies, who see the possibility of their fossil gas resources being relevant in a net-zero emission economy. Oil and gas companies also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.santos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Santos-2022-Climate-Change-Report_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">like to point out<\/a> that the IEA, in its Net Zero by 2050 (NZE 2050) scenario, expects blue hydrogen to account for 38% of total hydrogen supply in 2050 (grey\/brown hydrogen falls to near zero). <strong>But this projection relies entirely on the success of carbon capture technology, which has a <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/abd19e\/meta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consistent track record<\/a> of failure. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/abd19e\/meta#erlabd19ef1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">academic research<\/a>, by 2020, three-quarters of CCS capacity in the US originally planned to be operational had been terminated or placed on indefinite hold, often because costs were too high or the technology wasn\u2019t mature enough. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalccsinstitute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Global-Status-of-CCS-2021-Global-CCS-Institute-1121.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">majority<\/a> of today\u2019s operating CCS projects focus on separating CO2 from fossil gas, with the resulting carbon often injected into the ground to increase fossil fuel production (so called \u201cenhanced oil recovery\u201d).<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center; padding-top: 20px;\">Global proposed vs. implemented annual CO2 sequestration<\/h6>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Global-proposed-vs-implemented-annual-CO2-sequestration_source-Abdulla-et-al.png\" width=\"512\" height=\"242\" alt=\"Global proposed vs implemented annual CO2 sequestration source Abdulla et al\" class=\"wp-image-66611 alignnone size-full\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Global-proposed-vs-implemented-annual-CO2-sequestration_source-Abdulla-et-al.png 512w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Global-proposed-vs-implemented-annual-CO2-sequestration_source-Abdulla-et-al-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Global-proposed-vs-implemented-annual-CO2-sequestration_source-Abdulla-et-al-510x242.png 510w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Global-proposed-vs-implemented-annual-CO2-sequestration_source-Abdulla-et-al-500x236.png 500w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Global-proposed-vs-implemented-annual-CO2-sequestration_source-Abdulla-et-al-100x47.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/abd19e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abdulla et al. &#8211; \u201cExplaining successful and failed investments in U.S. carbon capture and storage using empirical and expert assessments\u201d, Environmental Research Letters (2020)<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Should carbon capture fail to match the IEA expectation in NZE 2050, more rapid declines in coal, oil and gas consumption will be required to offset this failure.<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Hydrogen production by type in IEA&#8217;s Net Zero by 2050 scenario<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"55\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n  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gas\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":false,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":false,\"href\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.highcharts.com\",\"text\":\"Highcharts.com\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\",\"height\":\"400\"},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\",\n            title: \"Hydrogen - Hydrogen production by type in IEAs Net Zero by 2050 scenario - Aug 2022\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_55\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 160,\n            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Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/net-zero-by-2050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEA Net Zero by 2050<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The biggest problem with blue hydrogen is the emissions created during its production. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ese3.956\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research<\/a> by academics Robert Howarth and Mark Jacobson at Cornell and Stanford universities, blue hydrogen lifecycle emissions are barely any less than grey hydrogen, due to three factors:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Methane leaks<\/strong>. Methane, the main ingredient in fossil gas, tends to leak out across <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/how-secretive-methane-leaks-are-driving-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all stages<\/a> of the supply chain &#8211; including from gas wells, pipelines, and storage terminals. Methane is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/how-bad-of-a-greenhouse-gas-is-methane\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">86 times more powerful<\/a> than CO2 as a greenhouse gas over a 20-year period, so these leaks make a big difference to the final emissions reductions of using blue hydrogen.<\/li>\n<li><strong>CCS has limited capture rates<\/strong>. It\u2019s important to understand that even in the rare cases where carbon capture works, it\u2019s only partly effective. Today, the two hydrogen facilities that use CCS technology have capture rates of 53-90%, according to company reporting. A recent investigation by Global Witness showed that one of these plants, Shell\u2019s Quest facility in Canada, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/fossil-gas\/shell-hydrogen-true-emissions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emits more CO2 than it captures<\/a>. The reason capture rates are low is partly because CCS facilities are sometimes down for maintenance (while hydrogen production continues) or turned off because of low profitability.<\/li>\n<li><strong>CCS is energy intensive<\/strong>. Capturing carbon uses a lot of energy and today\u2019s CCS facilities burn fossil gas to generate this energy. These emissions are not typically captured, further contributing to the poor overall emissions reductions of CCS.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>These three factors combine into some very disappointing emissions results &#8211; in fact, blue hydrogen is no better than burning coal.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Lifecycle emissions intensity of hydrogen types and conventional fossil fuels<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"56\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[56] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"2\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"\",\"floating\":false,\"align\":\"center\"},\"series\":[{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Methane\",\"color\":\"#903E4C\",\"label\":\"Methane\",\"orig_header\":\"methane\",\"data\":[19.33,76.3,86.8,94.1,57.9,16.1,null]},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Carbon dioxide\",\"color\":\"#433244\",\"label\":\"Carbon dioxide\",\"orig_header\":\"carbondioxide\",\"data\":[215.3,77,52,41.8,55.3,95.4,8]}],\"xAxis\":{\"categories\":[\"Black \\\/ brown hydrogen\",\"Grey hydrogen\",\"Blue hydrogen (w\\\/o flue-gas capture)\",\"Blue hydrogen (w\\\/ flue-gas capture)\",\"Fossil gas\",\"Coal\",\"Green 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megajoule\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":false,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":false,\"href\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.highcharts.com\",\"text\":\"Highcharts.com\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\",\"height\":\"400\"},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\",\n            title: \"Hydrogen - Lifecycle emissions intensity of fossil hydrogen types and conventional fossil fuels - Aug 2022\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_56\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 161,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_56\" class=\"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;\">Source: Grey hydrogen, blue hydrogen, fossil gas, coal: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ese3.956\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Howarth &amp; Jacobson &#8211; \u201cHow green is blue hydrogen?\u201d, Energy Science &amp; Engineering (2021)<\/a>. Black\/brown hydrogen: <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC119036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Commission Well-to-Tank report<\/a> (KOCH1 pathway, including combustion). Green hydrogen: <a href=\"https:\/\/hydrogencouncil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Hydrogen-Council-Report_Decarbonization-Pathways_Part-1-Lifecycle-Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hydrogen Council<\/a><br \/>Note: For green hydrogen, we have included capex-related emissions (for instance, from solar panel manufacture) as well, but note that operating CO2 emissions would be zero. These emissions are not included for other fuels in this chart.<\/p>\n<p>The fossil fuel industry\u2019s view of blue hydrogen emissions is much more optimistic. The Hydrogen Council, a global industry group with members including Shell and Saudi Aramco, some of the world&#8217;s largest oil and gas producers, <a href=\"https:\/\/hydrogencouncil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Hydrogen-Council-Report_Decarbonization-Pathways_Part-1-Lifecycle-Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">forecasts<\/a> that the emissions intensity of blue hydrogen production in 2030 will be 76-94% lower than the independent scientific estimates shown above. The Hydrogen Council discloses only a few of its assumptions however, making its analysis much less reliable. The IEA <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/01ca16c8-e493-475c-81c4-04ac5d3b9882\/Theroleoflow-carbonfuelsinthecleanenergytransitionsofthepowersector.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimates<\/a> a similar range of intensities, though again with little information on key assumptions like methane leak rates.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Shell-blue-hydrogen-plant_credit-Alberta-Newsroom-via-Flickr_blue-tint.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Shell\u2019s blue hydrogen plant in Alberta, Canada, one of two such facilities in the world. Source: Alberta Newsroom via Flickr&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Shell\u2019s blue hydrogen plant in Alberta, Canada, one of two such facilities in the world. Source: Alberta Newsroom via Flickr&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; background_blend=&#8221;overlay&#8221; width=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_tablet=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_phone=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; mix_blend_mode=&#8221;overlay&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;\"><em>Shell\u2019s blue hydrogen plant in Alberta, Canada, which Global Witness has found emits more CO2 than it captures. Source: Alberta Newsroom via <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/albertanewsroom\/50098635506\/in\/album-72157715047349071\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flickr<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,2_3&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221; border_width_right=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_color_right=&#8221;#a54e42&#8243; border_width_right_tablet=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_width_right_phone=&#8221;0px&#8221; border_width_right_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_css_main_element_phone=&#8221;width: 100%!important;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element_tablet=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/LNG-to-blue-hydrogen-icon.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;LNG to blue hydrogen icon&#8221; title_text=&#8221;LNG to blue hydrogen icon&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_tablet=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_phone=&#8221;70%&#8221; width_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|10px|10px|10px|10px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#433244&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;1em||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">LNG to blue hydrogen<\/h3>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 75%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_css_main_element_phone=&#8221;width: 100%!important;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element_tablet=&#8221;width: 75%!important;&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key points<\/strong>: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) to blue hydrogen, a type of blue hydrogen production proposed by Mitsubishi Corporation, involves a complicated mix of fossil gas and carbon capture built around the continued use of Japan\u2019s LNG and coal infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Market Forces view<\/strong>: Mitsubishi\u2019s concept is a pipe dream. Blue hydrogen combines the substantial pitfalls of CCS with the emissions intensity of the LNG supply chain. It\u2019s also likely to be expensive and financially volatile.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Detail&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#a54e42&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mitsubishicorp.com\/jp\/en\/ir\/event\/meetings\/pdf\/211208_ngg_01e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposing<\/a> a particularly unrealistic form of blue hydrogen based on liquefied natural gas (LNG). Fossil gas would be liquefied and shipped to Japan (as it already is today), where it would be turned into hydrogen using emissions-intensive refining processes. The CO2 captured in these hydrogen producing plants would then be put back on a ship to be sent overseas to carbon storage sites, for instance in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.miningweekly.com\/article\/woodside-bp-and-mitsubishi-form-ccs-consortium-2021-11-05\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Australia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/LNG-carrier_Source-Wikimedia-commons-orange-tint.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" alt=\"LNG Carrier. Source: Wikimedia Commons\" class=\"wp-image-66613 alignnone size-full\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/LNG-carrier_Source-Wikimedia-commons-orange-tint.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/LNG-carrier_Source-Wikimedia-commons-orange-tint-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/LNG-carrier_Source-Wikimedia-commons-orange-tint-768x467.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/LNG-carrier_Source-Wikimedia-commons-orange-tint-500x304.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/LNG-carrier_Source-Wikimedia-commons-orange-tint-100x61.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;\"><em>LNG carrier. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/LNG-carrier.Galea.wmt.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This idea has the same problems inherent in the blue hydrogen production process, particularly methane leaks in gas production. It would also have its own unique problems:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>LNG production is energy intensive.<\/strong> Nearly all LNG production plants burn fossil gas to power the process that turns fossil gas into a super-chilled liquid ready to be put on a ship. According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy<\/a>, each tonne of LNG generates on average 0.88 tonnes of CO2-e before taking combustion into account. With <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shell.com\/energy-and-innovation\/natural-gas\/liquefied-natural-gas-lng\/lng-outlook-2022.html#iframe=L3dlYmFwcHMvTE5HX291dGxvb2tfMjAyMi8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">380 million tonnes<\/a> (Mt) of LNG traded in 2021, this implies emissions of 334 Mt CO2-e just from production and transport &#8211; nearly equivalent to the <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/total-ghg-emissions?tab=chart&amp;country=~FRA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual emissions of France<\/a> (363 Mt in 2018).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shipping the CO2 out of Japan wastes energy and risks leaks.<\/strong> The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/03\/srccs_chapter4-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IPCC estimates<\/a> that 3-4% of CO2 shipped overseas is emitted for every 1000km travelled from fuel consumption and CO2 leaks. The journey from Japan to Western Australia is about 5000km long, meaning that as much as one-fifth of the CO2 captured from blue hydrogen production would be lost.<\/li>\n<li><strong>LNG is expensive<\/strong>. LNG is a much more expensive form of fossil gas than that sourced domestically via pipelines and its price is extremely volatile, as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/nippon-steel-buys-lng-highest-price-ever-paid-japan-2022-07-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent experience<\/a> has shown. Since gas prices are the main factor in the cost of blue hydrogen, using LNG would make this a very expensive and financially unpredictable exercise for Mitsubishi, inviting questions as to who bears the cost of this endeavour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,2_3&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221; border_width_right=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_color_right=&#8221;#227244&#8243; border_width_right_tablet=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_width_right_phone=&#8221;0px&#8221; border_width_right_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_css_main_element_phone=&#8221;width: 100%!important;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element_tablet=&#8221;width: 25%!important;&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Green-hydrogen-icon-1.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;Green hydrogen icon&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Green hydrogen icon&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_tablet=&#8221;80%&#8221; width_phone=&#8221;70%&#8221; width_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|10px|10px|10px|10px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#433244&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;1em||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Green hydrogen \/ ammonia<\/h3>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;width: 75%!important;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_css_main_element_phone=&#8221;width: 100%!important;&#8221; custom_css_main_element_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_css_main_element_tablet=&#8221;width: 75%!important;&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key points<\/strong>: Green hydrogen uses renewable energy to turn water into hydrogen. It\u2019s extremely low carbon compared to fossil-based hydrogen. Although it\u2019s still more expensive, costs are likely to fall fast.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Market Forces view<\/strong>: Green hydrogen is the only type that can be produced with little to no emissions, giving it immense potential for companies looking to diversify away from fossil fuels. As the cost of producing green hydrogen falls, it should be a no-brainer for businesses and governments of all persuasions.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Detail&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#227244&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Green hydrogen is produced using electricity. A device called an electrolyser splits water into hydrogen and oxygen using an electric current, resulting in no carbon emissions so long as the underlying electricity production is renewable. It\u2019s also important to avoid hydrogen leaks, since unburned hydrogen in the atmosphere <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edf.org\/blog\/2022\/03\/07\/hydrogen-climate-solution-leaks-must-be-tackled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributes<\/a> to climate change in part by preventing the breakdown of methane. This applies to fossil-based hydrogen as well.<\/p>\n<p>Although commercial-scale water electrolysis is a technology <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/262617097_Hydrogen_production_by_alkaline_water_electrolysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than a century old<\/a>, it has very low deployment rates, making up just <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/5bd46d7b-906a-4429-abda-e9c507a62341\/GlobalHydrogenReview2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">0.03%<\/a> of global hydrogen supply in 2020.<\/p>\n<p>The biggest barrier to green hydrogen is its high production costs. Because electrolysis uses so much electricity, the electricity needs to be very cheap to make it economical. The <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/5bd46d7b-906a-4429-abda-e9c507a62341\/GlobalHydrogenReview2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEA<\/a> estimates that, for green hydrogen to fully outcompete fossil-based hydrogen it may require an electricity cost of less than US$20\/MWh; the global average cost of solar PV in 2021 was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Statistics\/View-Data-by-Topic\/Costs\/Global-Trends\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$48\/MWh<\/a>, albeit with some <a href=\"https:\/\/gizmodo.com\/the-world-just-set-a-record-for-the-cheapest-solar-farm-1843163060\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significantly cheaper outliers<\/a>. As renewables get even cheaper &#8211; globally, the cost of solar generation fell <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/publications\/2022\/Jul\/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">88%<\/a> between 2010 and 2021 &#8211; low-cost green hydrogen is increasingly within grasp. Most proposed green hydrogen projects are designed with dedicated onsite renewables, meaning day-to-day energy costs would be extremely low.<\/p>\n<p>Electrolysers are also expensive because there are still very few of them. That\u2019s set to change as more and larger ones are constructed; the IEA expects nearly <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/db74ebb7-272f-4613-bdbd-a2e0922449e7\/WorldEnergyInvestment2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">670MW<\/a> of new capacity in 2022 alone, more than was added in the entire previous decade. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that electrolyser costs could fall by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2020\/Dec\/IRENA_Green_hydrogen_cost_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">40-55%<\/a> by 2030 as the technology scales &#8211; mimicking the precipitous cost declines of renewable energy in recent years.<\/p>\n<p>Skyrocketing gas prices since 2021 have also meant that the playing field between blue and green hydrogen is levelling. Below, we show estimated production costs for blue hydrogen using real-world gas prices from 2022, against current and projected best-case production costs for green hydrogen. Green hydrogen already outcompetes blue hydrogen from LNG, and by 2030 could also outcompete blue hydrogen from relatively cheaper sources of gas, for instance from the US and Western Australia.<\/p>\n<p>These numbers clearly show how the volatile cost of gas means blue hydrogen is a financially unreliable venture. For a technology that doesn\u2019t even help reduce emissions, it\u2019s clear blue hydrogen is just a distraction.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Estimated hydrogen production costs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs.png\" width=\"2436\" height=\"1679\" alt=\"Estimated hydrogen production costs\" class=\"wp-image-67949 alignnone size-full\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs.png 2436w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs-1024x706.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs-768x529.png 768w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs-1536x1059.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs-2048x1412.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs-1080x744.png 1080w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs-500x345.png 500w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs-100x69.png 100w, https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Estimated-hydrogen-production-costs-1484x1023.png 1484w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2436px) 100vw, 2436px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Note: Costs are on a levelised basis. Blue hydrogen based on average gas prices for January &#8211; October 2022; production costs ignore local factors such as subsidies and transport costs. Cheapest green hydrogen in 2021 is from onshore wind; in 2030 under NZE from solar PV.<\/em><br \/><em>Sources: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-hydrogen-review-2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEA<\/a> (Hydrogen production costs);<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gastrading.com.au\/spot-market\/historical-prices-and-volume\/price-history-table\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> gasTrading<\/a> (WA, spot prices); Bloomberg (US, Henry Hub; Asia spot LNG, Japan Korea Marker)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Portland-VIC-wind-farm_green_credit-Jeremy-Buckingham.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;A wind farm in Portland, Victoria. Credit: Jeremy Buckingham&#8221; title_text=&#8221;A wind farm in Portland, Victoria. Credit: Jeremy Buckingham&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; background_blend=&#8221;overlay&#8221; width=&#8221;80%&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; mix_blend_mode=&#8221;overlay&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;\"><i>A wind farm in Portland, Victoria. Credit: Jeremy Buckingham.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hydrogen from fossil fuels: an expensive way to increase emissions Investors must call out companies seeking to use hydrogen to justify and perpetuate fossil fuels. To keep global warming under control, immediate and rapid reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are needed. Luckily, we already know how to get started: Stop expanding the fossil fuel industry, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":66598,"parent":14832,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-blank-4.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-66565","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hydrogen from fossil fuels: an expensive way to increase emissions - Market Forces<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Investors must call out companies seeking to use hydrogen to justify and perpetuate fossil fuels.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/info\/hydrogen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hydrogen from fossil fuels: an expensive way to increase emissions - Market Forces\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Investors must call out companies seeking to use hydrogen to justify and perpetuate fossil fuels.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/info\/hydrogen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Market Forces\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MarketForces\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-02-27T21:59:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.marketforces.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Shell-blue-hydrogen-plant_credit-Alberta-Newsroom-via-Flickr.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"799\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"547\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@market_forces\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"32 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/info\\\/hydrogen\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/info\\\/hydrogen\\\/\",\"name\":\"Hydrogen from fossil fuels: an expensive way to increase emissions - Market Forces\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/info\\\/hydrogen\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/info\\\/hydrogen\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/Shell-blue-hydrogen-plant_credit-Alberta-Newsroom-via-Flickr.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-08-19T02:32:29+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-02-27T21:59:10+00:00\",\"description\":\"Investors must call out companies seeking to use hydrogen to justify and perpetuate fossil fuels.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/info\\\/hydrogen\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/info\\\/hydrogen\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/info\\\/hydrogen\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/Shell-blue-hydrogen-plant_credit-Alberta-Newsroom-via-Flickr.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.marketforces.org.au\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/Shell-blue-hydrogen-plant_credit-Alberta-Newsroom-via-Flickr.jpg\",\"width\":799,\"height\":547,\"caption\":\"Shell\u2019s blue hydrogen plant in Alberta, Canada, one of two such facilities in the world. 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